Climate resilience in Europe, 2025 — progress and challenges
Europe is warming twice as fast as the global average, making climate resilience increasingly urgent. While all EEA member countries have adaptation policies in place, progress remains uneven. Gaps in climate risk assessments, implementation, financing, monitoring and cross-border cooperation limit preparedness. Shared methodologies, metrics and the systematic assessment of adaptation measures, alongside clearer coordination and risk ownership, are needed to track and advance climate resilience across Europe.
At least 95% of Europe′s land area experienced above-average annual temperatures in 2025, according to the European State of the Climate 2025 report. Across the continent, rising temperatures are accelerating the rate at which snow and ice cover are melting; meanwhile, heatwaves, drought, wildfires and marine heat are intensifying. Societies, ecosystems and the economy across Europe are all facing the consequences.
Since the 1980s, Europe has been warming at twice the global average (EEA, 2024); it is the fastest warming continent on Earth. Even with significant mitigation efforts, the climate impacts will continue to intensify. This means that climate resilience and preparedness are essential to protect people, the planet and prosperity.
This European Environment Agency (EEA) report provides a consolidated overview of reported national adaptation actions across Europe between 2021 and 2025. It covers reporting by the 27 European Union Member States and voluntary contribution of three additional EEA member countries (Iceland, Switzerland and Türkiye); additionally, it includes desk research from the two other EEA member countries, Liechtenstein and Norway.